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IOS开发:在Swift中使用JavaScript的方法和技巧

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IOS开发:在Swift中使用JavaScript的方法和技巧


   在RedMonk发布的2015年1月编程语言排行榜中,Swift采纳率排名迅速飙升,从刚刚面世时的68位跃至22位,Objective-C仍然稳居TOP10,而JavaScript则凭借着其在iOS平台上原生体验优势成为了年度最火热的编程语言。

IOS开发:在Swift中使用JavaScript的方法和技巧 帮客之家

  而早在2013年苹果发布的OS X Mavericks和iOS 7两大系统中便均已加入了JavaScriptCore框架,能够让开发者轻松、快捷、安全地使用JavaScript语言编写应用。不论叫好叫骂,JavaScript霸主地位已成事实。开发者们趋之若鹜,JS工具资源层出不穷,用于OSX和iOS系统等高速虚拟机也蓬勃发展起来。

  JSContext/JSValue

  JSContext即JavaScript代码的运行环境。一个Context就是一个JavaScript代码执行的环境,也叫作用域。当在浏览器中运行JavaScript代码时,JSContext就相当于一个窗口,能轻松执行创建变量、运算乃至定义函数等的JavaScript代码:

  //Objective-C

  JSContext *context = [[JSContext alloc] init];

  [context evaluateScript:@"var num = 5 + 5"];

  [context evaluateScript:@"var names = ['Grace', 'Ada', 'Margaret']"];

  [context evaluateScript:@"var triple = function(value) { return value * 3 }"];

  JSValue *tripleNum = [context evaluateScript:@"triple(num)"];

  //Swift

  let context = JSContext()

  context.evaluateScript("var num = 5 + 5")

  context.evaluateScript("var names = ['Grace', 'Ada', 'Margaret']")

  context.evaluateScript("var triple = function(value) { return value * 3 }")

  let tripleNum: JSValue = context.evaluateScript("triple(num)")

  像JavaScript这类动态语言需要一个动态类型(Dynamic Type), 所以正如代码最后一行所示,JSContext里不同的值均封装在JSValue对象中,包括字符串、数值、数组、函数等,甚至还有Error以及null和undefined。

  JSValue包含了一系列用于获取Underlying Value的方法,如下表所示:

  想要检索上述示例中的tripleNum值,只需使用相应的方法即可:

  //Objective-C

  NSLog(@"Tripled: %d", [tripleNum toInt32]);

  // Tripled: 30

  //Swift

  println("Tripled: \(tripleNum.toInt32())")

  // Tripled: 30

  下标值 (Subscripting Values)

  通过在JSContext和JSValue实例中使用下标符号可以轻松获取上下文环境中已存在的值。其中,JSContext放入对象和数组的只能是字符串下标,而JSValue则可以是字符串或整数下标。

  //Objective-C

  JSValue *names = context[@"names"];

  JSValue *initialName = names[0];

  NSLog(@"The first name: %@", [initialName toString]);

  // The first name: Grace

  //Swift

  let names = context.objectForKeyedSubscript("names")

  let initialName = names.objectAtIndexedSubscript(0)

  println("The first name: \(initialName.toString())")

  // The first name: Grace

  而Swift语言毕竟才诞生不久,所以并不能像Objective-C那样自如地运用下标符号,目前,Swift的方法仅能实现objectAtKeyedSubscript()和objectAtIndexedSubscript()等下标。

  函数调用 (Calling Functions)

  我们可以将Foundation类作为参数,从Objective-C/Swift代码上直接调用封装在JSValue的JavaScript函数。这里,JavaScriptCore再次发挥了衔接作用。

  //Objective-C

  JSValue *tripleFunction = context[@"triple"];

  JSValue *result = [tripleFunction callWithArguments:@[@5] ];

  NSLog(@"Five tripled: %d", [result toInt32]);

  //Swift

  let tripleFunction = context.objectForKeyedSubscript("triple")

  let result = tripleFunction.callWithArguments([5])

  println("Five tripled: \(result.toInt32())")

  异常处理 (Exception Handling)

  JSContext还有一个独门绝技,就是通过设定上下文环境中exceptionHandler的属性,可以检查和记录语法、类型以及出现的运行时错误。exceptionHandler是一个回调处理程序,主要接收JSContext的reference,进行异常情况处理。

  //Objective-C

  context.exceptionHandler = ^(JSContext *context, JSValue *exception) {

  NSLog(@"JS Error: %@", exception);

  };

  [context evaluateScript:@"function multiply(value1, value2) { return value1 * value2 "];

  // JS Error: SyntaxError: Unexpected end of script

  //Swift

  context.exceptionHandler = { context, exception in

  println("JS Error: \(exception)")

  }

  context.evaluateScript("function multiply(value1, value2) { return value1 * value2 ")

  // JS Error: SyntaxError: Unexpected end of script

  JavaScript函数调用

  了解了从JavaScript环境中获取不同值以及调用函数的方法,那么反过来,如何在JavaScript环境中获取Objective-C或者Swift定义的自定义对象和方法呢?要从JSContext中获取本地客户端代码,主要有两种途径,分别为Blocks和JSExport协议。

  Blocks (块)

  在JSContext中,如果Objective-C代码块赋值为一个标识符,JavaScriptCore就会自动将其封装在JavaScript函数中,因而在JavaScript上使用Foundation和Cocoa类就更方便些——这再次验证了JavaScriptCore强大的衔接作用。现在CFStringTransform也能在JavaScript上使用了,如下所示:

  //Objective-C

  context[@"simplifyString"] = ^(NSString *input) {

  NSMutableString *mutableString = [input mutableCopy];

  CFStringTransform((__bridge CFMutableStringRef)mutableString, NULL, kCFStringTransformToLatin, NO);

  CFStringTransform((__bridge CFMutableStringRef)mutableString, NULL, kCFStringTransformStripCombiningMarks, NO);

  return mutableString;

  };

  NSLog(@"%@", [context evaluateScript:@"simplifyString('?????!')"]);

  //Swift

  let simplifyString: @objc_block String -> String = { input in

  var mutableString = NSMutableString(string: input) as CFMutableStringRef

  CFStringTransform(mutableString, nil, kCFStringTransformToLatin, Boolean(0))

  CFStringTransform(mutableString, nil, kCFStringTransformStripCombiningMarks, Boolean(0))

  return mutableString

  }

  context.setObject(unsafeBitCast(simplifyString, AnyObject.self), forKeyedSubscript: "simplifyString")

  println(context.evaluateScript("simplifyString('?????!')"))

  // annyeonghasaeyo!

  需要注意的是,Swift的speedbump只适用于Objective-C block,对Swift闭包无用。要在一个JSContext里使用闭包,有两个步骤:一是用@objc_block来声明,二是将Swift的knuckle-whitening unsafeBitCast()函数转换为 AnyObject。

  内存管理 (Memory Management)

  代码块可以捕获变量引用,而JSContext所有变量的强引用都保留在JSContext中,所以要注意避免循环强引用问题。另外,也不要在代码块中捕获JSContext或任何JSValues,建议使用[JSContext currentContext]来获取当前的Context对象,根据具体需求将值当做参数传入block中。

  JSExport协议

  借助JSExport协议也可以在JavaScript上使用自定义对象。在JSExport协议中声明的实例方法、类方法,不论属性,都能自动与JavaScrip交互。文章稍后将介绍具体的实践过程。

  JavaScriptCore实践

  我们可以通过一些例子更好地了解上述技巧的使用方法。先定义一个遵循JSExport子协议PersonJSExport的Person model,再用JavaScript在JSON中创建和填入实例。有整个JVM,还要NSJSONSerialization干什么?

  PersonJSExports和Person

  Person类执行的PersonJSExports协议具体规定了可用的JavaScript属性。,在创建时,类方法必不可少,因为JavaScriptCore并不适用于初始化转换,我们不能像对待原生的JavaScript类型那样使用var person = new Person()。

  //Objective-C

  // in Person.h -----------------

  @class Person;

  @protocol PersonJSExports @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *firstName;

  @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *lastName;

  @property NSInteger ageToday;

  - (NSString *)getFullName;

  // create and return a new Person instance with `firstName` and `lastName`

  + (instancetype)createWithFirstName:(NSString *)firstName lastName:(NSString *)lastName;

  @end

  @interface Person : NSObject @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *firstName;

  @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *lastName;

  @property NSInteger ageToday;

  @end

  // in Person.m -----------------

  @implementation Person

  - (NSString *)getFullName {

  return [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@ %@", self.firstName, self.lastName];

  }

  + (instancetype) createWithFirstName:(NSString *)firstName lastName:(NSString *)lastName {

  Person *person = [[Person alloc] init];

  person.firstName = firstName;

  person.lastName = lastName;

  return person;

  }

  @end

  //Swift

  // Custom protocol must be declared with `@objc`

  @objc protocol PersonJSExports : JSExport {

  var firstName: String { get set }

  var lastName: String { get set }

  var birthYear: NSNumber? { get set }

  func getFullName() -> String

  /// create and return a new Person instance with `firstName` and `lastName`

  class func createWithFirstName(firstName: String, lastName: String) -> Person

  }

  // Custom class must inherit from `NSObject`

  @objc class Person : NSObject, PersonJSExports {

  // properties must be declared as `dynamic`

  dynamic var firstName: String

  dynamic var lastName: String

  dynamic var birthYear: NSNumber?

  init(firstName: String, lastName: String) {

  self.firstName = firstName

  self.lastName = lastName

  }

  class func createWithFirstName(firstName: String, lastName: String) -> Person {

  return Person(firstName: firstName, lastName: lastName)

  }

  func getFullName() -> String {

  return "\(firstName) \(lastName)"

  }

  }

  配置JSContext

  创建Person类之后,需要先将其导出到JavaScript环境中去,同时还需导入Mustache JS库,以便对Person对象应用模板。

  //Objective-C

  // export Person class

  context[@"Person"] = [Person class];

  // load Mustache.js

  NSString *mustacheJSString = [NSString stringWithContentsOfFile:... encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding error:nil];

  [context evaluateScript:mustacheJSString];

  //Swift

  // export Person class

  context.setObject(Person.self, forKeyedSubscript: "Person")

  // load Mustache.js

  if let mustacheJSString = String(contentsOfFile:..., encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding, error:nil) {

  context.evaluateScript(mustacheJSString)

  }

  JavaScript数据&处理

  以下简单列出一个JSON范例,以及用JSON来创建新Person实例。

  注意:JavaScriptCore实现了Objective-C/Swift的方法名和JavaScript代码交互。因为JavaScript没有命名好的参数,任何额外的参数名称都采取驼峰命名法(Camel-Case),并附加到函数名称上。在此示例中,Objective-C的方法createWithFirstName:lastName:在JavaScript中则变成了createWithFirstNameLastName()。

  //JSON

  [

  { "first": "Grace", "last": "Hopper", "year": 1906 },

  { "first": "Ada", "last": "Lovelace", "year": 1815 },

  { "first": "Margaret", "last": "Hamilton", "year": 1936 }

  ]

  //JavaScript

  var loadPeopleFromJSON = function(jsonString) {

  var data = JSON.parse(jsonString);

  var people = [];

  for (i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {

  var person = Person.createWithFirstNameLastName(data[i].first, data[i].last);

  person.birthYear = data[i].year;

  people.push(person);

  }

  return people;

  }

  动手一试

  现在你只需加载JSON数据,并在JSContext中调用,将其解析到Person对象数组中,再用Mustache模板渲染即可:

  //Objective-C

  // get JSON string

  NSString *peopleJSON = [NSString stringWithContentsOfFile:... encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding error:nil];

  // get load function

  JSValue *load = context[@"loadPeopleFromJSON"];

  // call with JSON and convert to an NSArray

  JSValue *loadResult = [load callWithArguments:@[peopleJSON]];

  NSArray *people = [loadResult toArray];

  // get rendering function and create template

  JSValue *mustacheRender = context[@"Mustache"][@"render"];

  NSString *template = @"{{getFullName}}, born {{birthYear}}";

  // loop through people and render Person object as string

  for (Person *person in people) {

  NSLog(@"%@", [mustacheRender callWithArguments:@[template, person]]);

  }

  // Output:

  // Grace Hopper, born 1906

  // Ada Lovelace, born 1815

  // Margaret Hamilton, born 1936

  //Swift

  // get JSON string

  if let peopleJSON = NSString(contentsOfFile:..., encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding, error: nil) {

  // get load function

  let load = context.objectForKeyedSubscript("loadPeopleFromJSON")

  // call with JSON and convert to an array of `Person`

  if let people = load.callWithArguments([peopleJSON]).toArray() as? [Person] {

  // get rendering function and create template

  let mustacheRender = context.objectForKeyedSubscript("Mustache").objectForKeyedSubscript("render")

  let template = "{{getFullName}}, born {{birthYear}}"

  // loop through people and render Person object as string

  for person in people {

  println(mustacheRender.callWithArguments([template, person]))

  }

  }

  }

  // Output:

  // Grace Hopper, born 1906

  // Ada Lovelace, born 1815

  // Margaret Hamilton, born 1936

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